Muriella de Normandie

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6.1. Tancred Guiscard De HAUTEVILLE Tancred de Hauteville (Seigneur de Hauteville) ...

= 1°) Fresende de Normandy (Princess of Normandy) figlia di Richard I de Normandy ('the Fearless') (3rd Duc de Normandy) (Comte de Rouen) (Riccardo I) "Senzapaura" ( 28 Aug 933 A.D. - 20 Nov 996 A.D. ) e ____ ____, * 983 A.D. (A.D); * Normandy , France , 995 A.D.; + 1025. Sorella di Muriella

= 2°) Muriella de Normandy figlia di Richard II de Normandy ('the Good') (4th Duc de Normandy) (Riccardo II) "Il Buono" (959 A.D. - 28 Aug 1027) e Concubine nr.2 of Richard II of Normandy, * Rouen, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France, 970 A.D.; * 981 A.D.; + before 1020; + 1056. Sorella di Fresende

Moriella, Murielle

Parents: Unknown. NB: NOT Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy

Spouse: Tancred de Hautville

Children:

Date of birth may be 990

LINKS

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#_Toc246332864

MEDIEVAL LANDS

TANCRED de Hauteville ([980/90]-[1041]). Contemporary sources are contradictory concerning Tancred's origin, varying from "of quite distinguished family" in Malaterra[65] to "of obscure origin" in the Alexeiad[66]. He is described as "one of the household of the count of the Normans Richard II" by Geoffrey Malaterra, who recounts a colourful story of Tancred having killed a boar which had been flushed out by the count during a hunting expedition[67]. Hereditary seigneur de Hauteville-le-Guichard, near Coutances, Normandy[68]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Tancred was "a native of the Cotentin"[69].

m firstly MORIELLA, daughter of ---. Malaterra names "Moriellam" as the first wife of Tancred[70]. A myth, not based on any evidence, emerged in the 16th century to the effect that both wives of Tancred de Hauteville were daughters of Richard I Duke of Normandy[71].

m secondly FRESSENDA, daughter of --- (-bur Church of St Eufemia, near Lampetia[72]). Malaterra names "Fresendis" as the second wife of Tancred[73]. A myth, not based on any evidence, emerged in the 16th century to the effect that both wives of Tancred de Hauteville were daughters of Richard I Duke of Normandy[74].

The names and order of birth of the children of Tancred de Hauteville are uncertain, although there appears to be unanimity among the various sources about their number. The Annals of Romoald name Tancred's twelve sons (in order) "Sarnus qui miles insignis extitit…comes Coffridus…Drogo comes…Guillelmus ipse comes…Brachiferreus prenomine dictus…comes Unfridus…Malgerius comes probus atque famosus…Robertus Guiscardus…Alberedis armis strenuous…Tancredus…Wilhelmus de Sancto Nicandro…Frumentinus…Rogerius Sicilie comes" and in addition state that he had three daughters (unnamed)[75]. Malaterra names (in order) "Gulielmum…cognomine Ferrea-branchis, Drogonem, Humfredum, Gaufredum et Serlonem" as five sons of Tancred by his first wife and "Robertus…Guiscardus…Malgerius, Willelmus, Alveredus, Hubertus, Tancredus, Rogerius" as his seven sons by his second wife[76]. The name differences between these two sources are not difficult to reconcile: presumably "Sarnus" and "Serlo" are the same, and even "Frumentinus" and "Hubertus" bear some similarity. It is possible that the variations are due solely to errors in transcribing unclear script. The differences in the order of birth of the sons are less easy to reconcile. The sources only agree that Roger was the youngest son. The order in which Tancred's sons by his second wife are shown here follows Malaterra. However, the order of birth of his sons by his first wife follows Romoald, with one minor adjustment, for the reasons explained below.

Tancred & his first wife had six children:

1. SERLON de Hauteville ([1005/10]-after [1027/35]). Malaterra names "Serlonem" fifth in order of Tancred's five sons by his first wife[77]. He is shown first in the list in the Annals of Romoald[78]. As Serlon remained in Normandy after his brothers went to Italy, it is more likely that he was the eldest son who remained at home to inherit his father's lands. At first sight this appears to be contradicted by Orderic Vitalis who records that Tancred d'Hauteville "passed on his whole inheritance to his son Goisfredus [Geoffrey]", advising the others "to seek their living by their strength and wits outside their native land"[79]. However, Malaterra records that Serlon fled to Brittany after committing murder, some time during the reign of Robert I Duke of Normandy, and from there launched raids against Normandy[80]. The departure of the other brothers for southern Italy is dated to [1035] in other sources (see below). It is possible therefore that Serlon's difficulties occurred at the same time and that this caused a last minute change of plans which involved the promotion of the second son Godefroi. Serlon's birth date range is estimated assuming that he was an adult when obliged to flee Normandy in [1027/35] and provides some support for the hypothesis that he was the oldest son. m ([1027/35]%29 ---. This marriage took place after Serlon was pardoned by Duke Robert and returned to Normandy, according to Malaterra[81], so some time during Duke Robert's reign assuming the source is accurate. Serlon & his wife had one child:

a) SERLON (-killed in battle near Nicosia, Sicily summer 1072). Malaterra names "Serlonem nepotem suum [Rogerii]…Serlonis fratris suis filium" when recounting that he came to Italy, helped his uncle Roger in the capture of Messina (in 1061), and in a later passage that he distinguished himself at Cerami (in 1063)[82]. It was intended that he should share in the government of Sicily[83], but he was killed in battle before this could be implemented. Malaterra records that "nepotis sui Serlonis…" was killed "apud Siciliam a Saracenis"[84]. m as her first husband, --- di Molise, daughter of RODULF de Moulins Conte di Boiano & his first wife Altruda di Guardia. Malaterra names "miles…Ingelmarus" and records his marriage to "uxorem nepotis sui Serlonis…filia Rodulfi Bojanensis comitis"[85]. She married secondly Ingilmar.

2. BEATRIX de Hauteville ([1005/10]-1101). The Annals of Romoald state that Tancred had three daughters without naming them or stating by which marriage they were born[86]. The chronology of her descendants strongly suggests that Beatrix must have been born in [1005/10] and therefore was one of her parents' older children. The primary source which confirms her name and two marriages has not yet been identified. Beatrix is shown as the daughter of Tancred by his first wife in Europäische Stammtafeln[87]. The basis for this is not known. However, it appears more likely that she was the daughter of his second marriage if her estimated birth date range is correct, especially in light of the approximate date of birth of her brother Robert "Guiscard" in [1020]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names "Robertus de Scabioso Monte comes…Gosfredi frater, et ambo orti germana fuerant ducis"[88]. Guerrieri highlights that "Gosfredi" in this passage has been identified as Godefroi Conte di Conversano but that it is not possible to confirm whether this is correct[89]. If the speculation is right, Beatrix was the same person as the daughter of Tancred who is shown below as married to "--- [di Conversano]". m firstly ARMAND de Mortain, son of ROBERT Comte d'Eu [Normandie] & his first wife Béatrice ---. m secondly ROGER, son of ---.

3. GODEFROI de Hauteville (-1063). Malaterra names "Gaufredum" as fourth son of Tancred & his first (unnamed) wife[90]. He is shown second in the list in the Annals of Romoald[91]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Tancred d'Hauteville "passed on his whole inheritance to his son Goisfredus [Geoffrey/Godefroi]", advising the others "to seek their living by their strength and wits outside their native land"[92]. This suggests that Godefroi was the oldest son. As explained above, the career path of Serlon suggests that there may have been a last minute change of plan which resulted in Godefroi being chosen to inherit their father's lands. For this reason, Godefroi is shown here as second son. Amatus records that the brothers "Mauger, Geoffrey, William and Roger" arrived in Apulia from Normandy[93], dated from the context to [1054/57]. Malaterra records that the Capitanata had been held by "Gaufridum fratrem suum" before it was granted to Mauger[94]. Conte di Loritello.

- CONTI di LORITELLO.

4. GUILLAUME de Hauteville "Bras de Fer" ([1010/20]-[May/Sep] 1046, bur Venosa, Monastery of Santissima Trinità). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names (in order) "Guilelmum, Drogonem et Humfridum Tancridi filios" when recording their recent arrival from Normandy with 300 other Normans[95]. According to the Annals of Romoald, "Guillelmus comes…Brachiferreus" was fourth son, after Drogo[96]. The order in Malaterra is the same as in the Chronica Mon. Casinensis[97]. Guillaume is shown here as older than his brothers Drogo and Onfroi because it is considered more probable that the order of succession between them as Counts of Apulia reflected their relative seniority in the family, although it is of course not impossible that Guillaume was more junior among the brothers who left for Italy and that his initial appointment as count was due to personal ability rather than seniority. He went to southern Italy with his brother Drogo in [1035], serving in the army of Rainulf the Norman, who was at that time fighting in support of Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno[98]. Amatus records that Prince Guaimar made "William son of Tancred" as his captain[99]. They joined the Byzantine forces led by general Giorgios Maniakes, which had sailed from Constantinople in summer 1038 to reconquer Sicily from the Muslims[100]. During the siege of Syracuse in 1040, Guillaume killed the military governor of the town, earning his nickname "Bras-de-fer". After returning to Apulia from the Sicilian campaign, he was among the forces which captured Melfi in Mar 1041, aiming to make it the Norman centre from which to lead campaigns to expel the Byzantines from Italy. Within days they captured Venosa, Lavello and Ascoli. They defeated the Greeks on the banks of the river Olivento near Venosa 17 Mar 1041, at Montemaggiore in May where Guillaume was general, and at Monte Siricoloso near Montepeloso 3 Sep 1041. Amatus records that "the Normans…decided among themselves to place a count over them…and…chose William, son of Tancred" and after installing him as their count “went to the court of Prince Guaimar of Salerno…[and] from that hour Guaimar called him prince and Guaimar called himself rector” (although this passage would be more consistent with other sources if it read “Guillaume called him prince and Guillaume called himself rector”)[101]. This represents the moment when he is taken to have become GUILLAUME Conte di Apulia, although it is not apparent from the primary sources that he used the title at the time. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Guillelmus" was elected "comes a Matera" in Sep 1042[102]. Ascoli was his fiefdom: Amatus records that "the Normans divided among themselves" the lands at Melfi, following their victories against the Byzantines dated to 1041, and that “William received Ascoli; Drogo had Venosa; Arnolin had Lavello; Hugh Toutebove had Monopoli; Rodulf had Canne; Walter, Civitate; Peter, Trani; Rodulf son of Bebena, Sant´Arcangelo; Tristan, Montepeloso; Hervey, Grumento; Asclettin, Acerenza; and Rainfroi, Malarbine”, adding that “Prince Guaimar of Salerno…invested each one of them”[103]. The Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records the division of properties agreed at Melfi, dated to Feb 1042, as follows: "Guilelmo Asculum, Drogoni Venusiam, Arnolino Labellum, Ugoni Tutabovi Monopolim, Petro Tranum, Gualterio Civitatem, Rodulfo Cannim, Tristaino Montem pilosum, Herveo Grigentum, Asclittino Acerentiam, Rodulfo Sanctum Archangelum, Raimfrido Monerbinum"[104]. That Guillaume was the vassal of Guaimar IV Principe di Salerno is confirmed by the prince and his son assuming the title "Duke of Apulia and Calabria" in charters dated between Jan 1043 and 1047[105]. Lupus Protospatarius records "Gulielmus filius Tancredi" entering Calabria with "Guarimari principe" in 1044 and capturing "Stridulam castellum"[106]. Lupus Protospatarius records the death in 1046 of "Gulielmus" specifying that his brother "Drago" succeeded as count[107]. m ([Sep 1042]) [GUIDA] di Salerno, daughter of GUIDO di Salerno Conte di Conza [Duca di Sorrento] & his wife --- ([1030/32]-). Amatus records the marriage of "Guida the daughter of his [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] brother" to Guillaume d'Hauteville when the latter was installed as Count of Apulia[108]. Considering that the birth of her father´s older brother is estimated to [1011/12], it is unlikely that Guida could have been born earlier than [1030/32]. She was therefore still a child when she married.

5. DROGO de Hauteville ([1010/20]-murdered Castle of Monte Ilaro 10 Aug 1051, bur Venosa, Monastery of Santissima Trinità). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names (in order) "Guilelmum, Drogonem et Humfridum Tancridi filios" when recording their recent arrival from Normandy with 300 other Normans[109]. According to the Annals of Romoald, Drogo was the third son, before "Guillelmus comes…Brachiferreus"[110]. The order in Malaterra order of succession of Guillaume, Drogo and Onfroi as Counts of Apulia reflected their relative seniority in the family, although it is of course not impossible that Guillaume was more junior among the brothers who left for Italy and that his initial appointment as count was due to personal ability rather than seniority. Amatus records that "William son of Tancred [came] from Normandy [to Italy] with his two brothers Drogo and Humphrey"[111], probably dated to [1035]. Venosa was Drogo´s fiefdom from early 1042: Amatus records that "the Normans divided among themselves" the lands at Melfi, following their victories against the Byzantines dated to 1041, and that “William received Ascoli; Drogo had Venosa; Arnolin had Lavello; Hugh Toutebove had Monopoli; Rodulf had Canne; Walter, Civitate; Peter, Trani; Rodulf son of Bebena, Sant´Arcangelo; Tristan, Montepeloso; Hervey, Grumento; Asclettin, Acerenza; and Rainfroi, Malarbine”, adding that “Prince Guaimar of Salerno…invested each one of them”[112]. the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis records the division of properties agreed at Melfi, dated to Feb 1042, as follows: "Guilelmo Asculum, Drogoni Venusiam, Arnolino Labellum, Ugoni Tutabovi Monopolim, Petro Tranum, Gualterio Civitatem, Rodulfo Cannim, Tristaino Montem pilosum, Herveo Grigentum, Asclittino Acerentiam, Rodulfo Sanctum Archangelum, Raimfrido Monerbinum"[113]. The Romoaldi Annales record that "Drogo Normannorum comes" captured and burnt "civitatem Bibinum" {Bovino} in 1045[114]. Lupus Protospatarius names "Drago" as brother of "Gulielmus", specifying that he succeeded the latter as count in 1046[115]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Unfredum…cum fratre Drogone" disputed the succession of their brother Guillaume with "Petrus consanguinitate propinquus"[116]. He succeeded his brother in 1046 as DROGO Conte di Apulia. Amatus records that "Drogo and Rainaulf" were "put into possession of their counties" by Emperor Heinrich III, dated to 1047[117]. A charter dated 1047 is the last time in which Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno is named with the title "Duke of Apulia and Calabria"[118]. The timing suggests that this may have followed Emperor Heinrich III´s confirmation of Drogo, who thereby presumably ceased to be Guaimar´s vassal. He received Benevento from Emperor Heinrich III in 1047, jointly with Rainulf II Conte di Aversa, after the latter confiscated it from the citizens who had refused to open its gates to him, although the Beneventans invited Pope Leo IX to take over the town. "Drogo…dux et magister Italie comesque Normannorum totius Apulie atque Calabrie" donated property for the souls of "fratris mei Guillelmi, Unfredi, Roberti" by charter dated 1053[119]. Chalandon discusses the possible spurious nature of this document but opts for its authenticity[120]. The Annals of Romoald record the death of "Drogo Normannorum comes" in Aug 1050[121]. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Drago" was killed in 1051 "in monte Ilari a suo compatre Concilio"[122]. Orderic Vitalis records that Drogo was murdered by Waszo Count of Naples at the altar of the church of St Lawrence[123]. m firstly ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (before 1045). "Riccardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to Cava, for the souls of "predicti patris mei et Roberti Guiscardi magnifici ducis et Rogerii…ducis et Boamundi filiorum eius et Altrude…coniugis mee atque Rocce…sororis mee et Altrude matris mee", by charter dated Mar 1115[124]. It is likely that she was Altruda, related to the comital family of Salerno of Conte Alfan son of Conte Petrus, as shown by the charter dated Aug 1079 under which "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis"[125]. m secondly (1046) as her first husband, GAITELGRIMA di Salerno, daughter of GUAIMAR IV Prince of Salerno & his [second wife Purpura ---] ([before 1032]-after Jan 1087). Amatus records that "Guaimar" [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] gave Drogo his daughter in marriage "with a very grand dowry" after his succession[126]. "Domina Gaytelgrima comitissa filia…Robberti ducis" donated property to the monastery of La Trinità at Cava for the souls of "suprascripti domini Robberti et…domini Drogonis et domini Affridi comitum qui fuerunt viri sui" by charter dated Jan 1087[127], although the parentage attributed to her in this document is presumably a copyist's error. It is also curious that the document omits any reference to Gaitelgrima's second husband. This copy of the document appears to be defective as another copy records that "dominæ Gaytelgrimæ comitissæ filiæ bonæ recordationis domini Guaimarii…principis et ducis" donated property for the souls of "domini Drogonis et domini Roberti et domini Alfredi comitum qui fuerunt viri sui" and for the souls of "Purpure genitricis suæ et…Ricardi filii sui qui de ipso Roberto comite marito suo primogenitum habuit"[128]. Amatus records that "Guaimar" [Guaimar IV Prince of Salerno] gave Drogo his daughter in marriage "with a very grand dowry" after his succession[129]. The chronology of this family suggests that Gaitelgrima was still a child at the time of this marriage. She married secondly ([end 1051/May 1052]) Roberto di Lucera Conte di Gargano. Amatus records that Prince Guaimar gave "Count Drogo's [daughter]" to "Robert brother of Count Richard", the editor of the edition consulted speculating that "daughter" must be an error for "widow"[130]. She married thirdly Conte Affred. Count Drogo & his first wife had three children:

a) RICHARD ([1047/51]-[1118/Sep 1125]). "Petronus…comes…in…Tarentine civitatis" donated the church of San Giorgio to the abbot of San Benedetto di Taranto, with the consent of "mei…nepoti et seniori domini Riccardi…comiti", by charter dated May 1072[131]. "Alfanus filius quondam Petri comitis et Aloara uxor eius filie Castelmanni comitis" donated property to Cava, for the soul of "Riccardus…parenti illorum…filius fuit bene recordationis domni Drogonis comitis qui fuit germanus…domni nostri ducis" by charter dated Aug 1079[132]. "Riccardus Drogonis comitis filius et Altrudis coniux mea" donated the churches of San Angelo, Santa Catarina and San Vito in Mottola to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated May 1081[133]. "Richardo comes cognomento Senescalcus filius…bone memorie Drogonis…comitis" donated the church of San Angelo di Terrisino, and property "Salernitanam civitatem in Lucaniensibus finis in locis Tyrisinum et Staynum et Licosa" confiscated from "Ioannes filius Truppoaldi comitis palatii et filii eius…Matrone uxori ipsius Ioannis filia cuiusdam Constantini" by "Rogerium…ducem", to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated Jul 1090[134]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[135]. "Riccardus Siniscalcus Magni quondam Rogerii filius…cum domina Albenda uxore mea" donated the church of Santa Maria de Hospitali Ponti to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated May 1100, witnessed by "…Riccardi de Maustrarello, Ruberti Auggæ, Roberti filii Riccardi Senescalchi…"[136]. "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[137]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[138]. "Ricchardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius…cum domina Albereda…coniuge mea" donated the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the abbot of Santa Maria di Pisticci by charter dated Mar 1113[139]. "Riccardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to Cava, for the souls of "predicti patris mei et Roberti Guiscardi magnifici ducis et Rogerii…ducis et Boamundi filiorum eius et Altrude…coniugis mee atque Rocce…sororis mee et Altrude matris mee", by charter dated Mar 1115[140]. "Richardus Senescallus, magni comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to "cœnobio S Salvatoris de Monte Thabor" by charter dated 15 Jun 1115[141]. "Albereda domina Colubrarii et Policorii" donated property to SS Trinità di Venosa, for the souls of "Rogerii de Pomareda viri mei" and for the health of "viri mei Riccardi Senescalli…militis Domini comitis Drogonis filii, et filii mei Roberti", and with the consent of "Riccardus Senescallus domini comitis Drogonis filius", by charter dated 1118[142]. "Alexandro de Claromonte et Riccardo fratre meo" confirmed the donation of the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the monastery of San Anastasio di Carbone by "beatæ memoriæ Riccardi Sinescalci et dominæ Alberedæ amitæ nostræ et Petri Boiti et clarissimi dynastæ domini Boamundi", by charter dated Sep 1125, witnessed by "Hugo filius Raneri et Comestabulus, Hugo filius Ascintini de Claromonte…"[143]. Seneschal of Apulia and Calabria. Conte di Mottola, Castellaneta e Oria. m firstly (before May 1081) ALTRUDA, daughter of --- (-before Apr 1108). "Riccardus Drogonis comitis filius et Altrudis coniux mea" donated the churches of San Angelo, Santa Catarina and San Vito in Mottola to the abbot of SS Trinitá de Cava by charter dated May 1081[144]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. "Riccardus Siniscalcus Magni quondam Rogerii filius…cum domina Albenda uxore mea" donated the church of Santa Maria de Hospitali Ponti to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated May 1100, witnessed by "…Riccardi de Maustrarello, Ruberti Auggæ, Roberti filii Riccardi Senescalchi…"[145]. "Altruda que sum uxor domini Riccardi Senescalci" donated property in Massafra to the church of San Matteo apostolo by charter dated Oct 1100[146]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[147]. m secondly ([Apr 1108/Mar 1113]) as her second husband, ALBEREDA, widow of RUGGERO di Pomareda, daughter of --- (-[Jul 1122/Sep 1125], bur Church of the Abbey of Santissima Trinità, near Venosa). "Roggerius de Pomareda…cum domina Albereda…coniuge mea" donated the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the abbot of Santa Maria di Pisticci by charter dated Jan 1095[148]. "Ricchardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius…cum domina Albereda…coniuge mea" donated the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the abbot of Santa Maria di Pisticci by charter dated Mar 1113[149]. "Albereda domina Colubrarii et Policorii" donated property to SS Trinità di Venosa, for the souls of "Rogerii de Pomareda viri mei" and for the health of "viri mei Riccardi Senescalli…militis Domini comitis Drogonis filii, et filii mei Roberti", and with the consent of "Riccardus Senescallus domini comitis Drogonis filius", by charter dated 1118[150]. "Albereda Colubrari Pollicorique domina" donated the church of San Nicola Peratico to Cava, for the souls of "Roberti Guiscardi ducis…bone memorie viri, Dominique Boamundi, nec non Rogerii de Pomareda…mei quondam viri, Dominique Ugonis Clarimontis…dominique Alexandri Clarimontis suique fratris domini Riccardi meorum…nepotum", by charter dated Jul 1122[151]. "Alexandro de Claromonte et Riccardo fratre meo" confirmed the donation of the church of Santa Maria di Scanzana to the monastery of San Anastasio di Carbone by "beatæ memoriæ Riccardi Sinescalci et dominæ Alberedæ amitæ nostræ et Petri Boiti et clarissimi dynastæ domini Boamundi", by charter dated Sep 1125, witnessed by "Hugo filius Raneri et Comestabulus, Hugo filius Ascintini de Claromonte…"[152].

b) ROCCA (-[Jul 1112/1115]). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names "Rocca filia Drogone comitis", recording her donation dated Feb 1097 of her possessions in Selletano, confirmed by "comes Roggerius Siciliet Calabriæ" who calls Rocca "neptis sua"[153]. Signora di Ullano. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[154]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "Roggerii comitis…et…Roggerii de Bernabilla gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1102[155]. "Rocca filia Drogoni…comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "viri mei Ubberti et…filiorum filiarumque mearum et Richardi Seniscalchi fratris mei", by charter dated Feb 1104[156]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[157]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112, witnessed by "Widelmus…archipresbytero…Drago filio domine Rocce, Widelmus Calcavilla…"[158]. "Riccardus Senescalcus maximi comitis Drogonis filius" donated property to Cava, for the souls of "predicti patris mei et Roberti Guiscardi magnifici ducis et Rogerii…ducis et Boamundi filiorum eius et Altrude…coniugis mee atque Rocce…sororis mee et Altrude matris mee", by charter dated Mar 1115[159]. m UBERTO, son of ---. Huberto & his wife had [seven or more] children:

i) ALESSANDRO (-[Mar/Apr] 1108, bur San Niccolo di Bari). "Alexander filius domine Rocce et gener domini Ugonis Clarimontis" with his wife "Avenia" donated property to San Anastasio di Carbone, with the consent of "son seigneur et beau-père sire Hugues", by charter dated [Sep 1095/Aug 1096], subscribed by "…Nicolaus frater domini [Alexandri]…"[160]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[161]. Lord of Senise. "Alexandre seigneur de Senise" {7 kms north-east of Chiaromonte} with his wife "Avenia" and "son beau-père Hugues" settled a dispute between the abbot of San Anastasio di Carbone and the prior of Santa Maria di Massanova by charter dated 13 Feb 1100, subscribed by "…Νιέλος frère du seigneur Alexandre…"[162]. "Ugo de Claromonte et Alexander nepos Riccardi dapiferi" subscribed the charter dated [Sep 1100/Aug 1101] under which "Richard Sénéchal neveu de Robert Guiscard" donated property which "sa sœur Aumberga" possessed until her death to the bishop of Nicastro[163]. "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[164]. "Alexander de Sinesio" with his wife "Avenia" donated the church of San Filippo di Palaciis to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated Mar 1108, subscribed by "Niellis frater domini Alexandri"[165]. "Riccardus Senescalcus filius bone memorie domni Drogoni magnifici comitis" donated the church of San Pietro apostolo detta de Schlavezolis near Giola to the abbot of san Nicola di Bari, for the souls of "domne Altrude…coniugis nostre et predicti patris nostri et domni Roberti…ducis patrui nostri et domni Rogerii ducis…domnique Boamundi…principis Anthioceni, et domne Rocce…nostre sororis, domnique Alexandri…militis filii eius, cuius corpus iuxta Sancti Nicolai basilicam in civitate Bari…tumulatur", by charter dated Apr 1108[166]. m AVENIA, daughter of HUGUES "Monoculus" di Chiaramonte & his wife --- (-after 13 Feb 1100). "Alexander filius domine Rocce et gener domini Ugonis Clarimontis" with his wife "Avenia" donated property to San Anastasio di Carbone, with the consent of "son seigneur et beau-père sire Hugues", by charter dated [Sep 1085/Aug 1096], subscribed by "…Nicolaus frater domini [Alexandri]…"[167]. "Alexandre seigneur de Senise" {7 kms north-east of Chiaromonte} with his wife "Avenia" and "son beau-père Hugues" settled a dispute between the abbot of San Anastasio di Carbone and the prior of Santa Maria di Massanova by charter dated 13 Feb 1100, subscribed by "…Νιέλος frère du seigneur Alexandre…"[168]. "Alexander de Sinesio" with his wife "Avenia" donated the church of San Filippo di Palaciis to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated Mar 1108, subscribed by "Niellis frater domini Alexandri"[169].

ii) NICCOLO (-after Mar 1108). "Alexander filius domine Rocce et gener domini Ugonis Clarimontis" with his wife "Avenia" donated property to San Anastasio di Carbone, with the consent of "son seigneur et beau-père sire Hugues", by charter dated [Sep 1095/Aug 1096], subscribed by "…Nicolaus frater domini [Alexandri]…"[170]. "Alexandre seigneur de Senise" {7 kms north-east of Chiaromonte} with his wife "Avenia" and "son beau-père Hugues" settled a dispute between the abbot of San Anastasio di Carbone and the prior of Santa Maria di Massanova by charter dated 13 Feb 1100, subscribed by "…Νιέλος frère du seigneur Alexandre…"[171]. "Nielis frater domini Alexandri" confirmed the donation of the monastery of Carbone by charter dated [Sep 1102/Aug 1103][172]. "Alexander de Sinesio" with his wife "Avenia" donated the church of San Filippo di Palaciis to San Anastasio di Carbone by charter dated Mar 1108, subscribed by "Niellis frater domini Alexandri"[173].

iii) GUGLIELMO (-after Jul 1112). "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[174]. Archipresbiter. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112, witnessed by "Widelmus…archipresbytero…Drago filio domine Rocce, Widelmus Calcavilla…"[175].

iv) DROGO (-after Jul 1112). "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[176]. "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[177]. "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112, witnessed by "Widelmus…archipresbytero…Drago filio domine Rocce, Widelmus Calcavilla…"[178].

v) UBERTO . "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti domina et residente que sum in castello Ullano" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "domino Richardi Senescalco fratri meo et Alexandri filio meo et Drogoni et Uberto toti tres biscerali filii mei, atque mundualdi", by charter dated Feb 1098, witnessed by "Guidelmo archipresbiter, Drogoni et Ubberto qui sumus filii predicte domine, Augeri iener qui sum Guidelmo filius Roberto…"[179].

vi) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1102 under which her mother "Rocca filia Drogoni comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "Roggerii comitis…et…Roggerii de Bernabilla gener meus"[180]. m ROGER de Barneville, son of --- (-after Jul 1102). "Rocca filia Drogoni comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, with the consent of "Roggerii comitis…et…Roggerii de Bernabilla gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1102[181].

vii) daughter . Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the charter dated Jul 1112 under which her mother "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus"[182]. m ROBERTO di Baccho, son of --- (-after Jul 1112). "Rocca filia Drogoni comiti" donated property to Monte Cassino, in the presence of "domino Robbertus de Bachonis gener meus", by charter dated Jul 1112[183].

viii) [daughters . "Rocca filia Drogoni…comitis" donated property to Monte Cassino, for the souls of "viri mei Ubberti et…filiorum filiarumque mearum et Richardi Seniscalchi fratris mei", by charter dated Feb 1104[184].]

c) EREMBURGA (-before 1101). "…Eremburga nostra…neptis…" is named in a charter of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia dated 1062[185]. [The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "Domina…Acreburga, neptis Roberti Guiscardi" installed "Riccardum" in "episcopio latinum Neocastri", dated to the early 12th century from the context[186]. Although the parentage of "Acreburga" is not specified in this source, the reference in the following charter to Eremburga having founded the church of San Pietro in Nicastro suggests that the two documents may refer to the same person. It is unclear how "Acreburga" would have been authorised to instal a bishop.] "Riccardus comitis Drogonis filius atque Roberti Guiscardi totius Calabrie et Apulie atque Sicilie ducis…atque fili eiusdem Rogeri et ipsius heredis dapifer" donated property inherited from "soror mea Aumburga" to the bishop of Nicastro and the church of San Pietro founded by "sorore mea Aumberga" by charter dated 1101, witnessed by "Ugo de Claromonte, Rogerius Roberti ducis filius…Dragus frater Alexandri…Alexander nepos Riccardi dapifer"[187].

6. ONFROI de Hauteville ([1015/20]-spring 1057, bur Monastery of Santissima Trinità, Venosa). The Chronica Mon. Casinensis names (in order) "Guilelmum, Drogonem et Humfridum Tancridi filios" when recording their recent arrival from Normandy with 300 other Normans[188]. According to the Annals of Romoald, "Unfridus" was the fifth son[189]. The order in Malaterra is the same as in the Chronica Mon. Casinensis[190]. Onfroi is shown as fifth son here because it is considered more probable that the order of succession of Guillaume, Drogo and Onfroi as Counts of Apulia reflected their relative seniority in the family. While it is not impossible that, as explained above, Guillaume's initial appointment as count was due to personal ability rather than seniority, it is difficult to imagine that the order of succession of Drogo and Onfroi would have been decided by any factor other than age. Amatus records that "William son of Tancred [came] from Normandy [to Italy] with his two brothers Drogo and Humphrey"[191], probably dated to [1035]. Onfroi is not named as having received territories under the agreement reached at Melfi in Feb 1042 (which names his brothers Guillaume and Drogo, see above). The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Unfredum…cum fratre Drogone" disputed the succession of their brother Guillaume with "Petrus consanguinitate propinquus"[192]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Humphredus" captured "Trojam" and built "castrum in Bachareza" in 1048[193]. Malaterra records that "fratrem suum Umfredum Abagelardum comitem" was given "castrum…Lavel" by his brother Drogo[194]. "Unfredus comes…" subscribed the charter dated 1053 (misdated) under which "Drogo…dux et magister Italie comesque Normannorum totius Apulie atque Calabrie" donated property for the soul of "fratris mei Guillelmi, Unfredi, Roberti"[195]. He succeeded his brother 1051 as ONFROI Conte di Apulia. Lupus Protospatarius records that "Drago" was killed in 1051 "in monte Ilari a suo compatre Concilio" and succeeded by "frater eius Unfreda"[196]. Pope Leo IX, faced with the increasing threat from the Normans to the stability in southern Italy, launched a holy campaign against them, but was defeated and captured at Civitate in 17 Jun 1053. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Leone Papa et Principe Beneventano et Catapano imperiali" fought the Normans "in principatu Beneventu", but that "Rodulphus Princeps" escaped and Pope Leo was captured by "Humphredo et Northmannis" in Jun 1053[197]. He was only allowed to return to Rome 12 Mar 1054, and died there the following month. The Normans made the most of their advantage, capturing large parts of southern Italy. By end 1055, Oria, Nardon and Lecce had fallen to them. Lupus Protospatarius records the death in 1056 of "Umfreda", specifying that his brother "Robertus" succeeded as duke[198]. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records the death in 1056 of "Humphredus" and the succession of "comes Apuliæ Robertus qui dictus est Guiscardus"[199]. m (after Aug 1051) as her second husband, GAITELGRIMA di Sorrento, widow of RODOLFE Conte d´Aversa, daughter of --- di Sorrento & his wife --- ([1015/20]-). "Gaitelgrima…comitissa senatrix" donated property to the monastery of San Blasio, for the soul of "domni Rodolfi comiti seniori mei", by charter dated Mar 1048, dated to "comitante domno Guilielmo et domno Herimano in castro Aversum…anno primo"[200]. Amatus refers to the wife of Humphrey as "the Duke of Sorrento's sister"[201]. The fact that these references are to the same person is confirmed by the Gesta Roberti Wiscardi which names "genitus genetrice Hermannus [Comte di Canne] eadem Unfredi fuerat qua filius Abagelardus"[202], Abelard being the son of Onfroi and Herman presumably being the son of Rodolfe (who was reported as having received Canne under the treaty of Melfi in 1042[203]). Her birth date range is estimated based on her having had children by both her marriages. Onfroi & his wife had five children:

a) GEOFFROI . The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names (in order) "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[204].

b) GOSCELIN . The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names (in order) "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[205].

c) ABELARD (-Constantinople after 1082). The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names (in order) "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[206]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Honfroi left his son Abailard to the protection of his brother Robert "Guiscard" when he died[207]. The Annals of Romoald record that "Bagelardum filium [=Onfridi]" was his father's successor in 1057 but was deprived and expelled by his uncle Robert "Guiscard"[208]. His father appointed his uncle Robert Guiscard as his guardian 1057[209], but the latter seized his lands on the death of Onfroi. Amatus recounts that "Abelard…his brother's son" was among the conspirators against Robert "Guiscard"[210], undated but the context suggests this was in the early 1060s. The revolt spread and was strengthened by a contingent of Varangians which arrived from Constantinople in 1066, captured Bari, Brindisi and Taranto, but was recalled to Byzantium in 1068 to fight the Seljuks. Abelard capitulated in early 1068. The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "Robertus Guiscardus" granted "Tabernam" to "Baialardo nepoti suo, Unfredi comitis filio" who rebelled against the duke and granted Taberna to "Guillelmo Capriolo cum nepte sua Adilitia"[211]. He was one of the leaders of the rebellion against Robert Guiscard in autumn 1078[212], seeking refuge in the Byzantine province of Illyria after the rebellion was crushed. The Chronicon Breve Normannicum records that "Abiligardus comes" captured "Trojam", expelling "Boamundum filium Rogerti Ducis", and "Asculum" in 1079, although the latter was recaptured by Duke Robert after which "Abiligardus cum militibus suis" fled to Constantinople where he died[213]. Lupus Protospatarius names "Baialardus filius Umfredæ", when recording his capture of Ascoli in 1079[214]. "…Abbajelardus" was among the subscribers of the charter dated Jun 1080 under which "Rubbertus…dux et uxor mea Sykelgaita ducissa et filius meus Roggerius" made donations to Montecassino[215]. Lupus Protospatarius records "Baialardus" leaving for Constantinople in 1082[216]. m (after 3 Feb 1079) --- [Argyre], daughter of [--- Argyros & his wife ---]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Argiricius" married his daughter to "Abagelardus, filius Unfredi"[217].

d) RICHARD. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Conte di Sarno. 1091. m ---. The name of Richard's wife is not known. Richard & his wife had one child:

i) RICHARD. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Conte di Sarno. m AGNESE, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Richard & his wife had one child:

(a) HENRI. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Conte di Sarno. 1134.

e) [daughter . Amatus records that Robert "Guiscard" pursued "Abelard and Gradilon, the husband of his sister" after the former's rebellion in 1078[218]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi records that "Abagelardus, filius Unfredi…sororem" married "Gradilone"[219]. It is not known whether she was the uterine sistger or full-blood sister of Abelard.

m GRADILON ---. He was captured by Duke Robert's troops near Trevico in summer 1079 and blinded[220].]

f) [--- . The precise parentage of Adelicia is not known, the word "neptis" in the source which is quoted below suggests that one of her parents was the sibling of Abelard, although he/she may have been Abelard´s half-brother or sister, born from his mother´s first marriage. ] m ---. One child:

i) ADELICIA . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "Robertus Guiscardus" granted "Tabernam" to "Baialardo nepoti suo, Unfredi comitis filio" who rebelled against the duke and granted Taberna to "Guillelmo Capriolo cum nepte sua Adilitia"[221]. m GUGLIELMO Capriolo, son of ---. Guglielmo & his wife had five or more children:

(a) GUGLIELMO . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife[222].

(b) GIORDANO . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife, adding that "Rogerius dux" [Roger Duke of Apulia] granted Tabernam to "Rogerio comiti" [Roger Count of Sicily] who in turn granted it to "Iordano Capriolo, Guillelmi Caprioli filio", before granting it to "Radulfo comiti Loritelli"[223]. The passage does not specify the circumstances by which Giordano lost Taberna. The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii records that "comitissa Loritelli…vidua" governed "terram [Tabern%C3%A6] et suos parvulos filios" after the death of "Radulfus comes", adding a dispute arose between "Iordanum Capriolum et Guillelmum Carbonendum et comitissam Loritelli" about Taberna[224].

(c) GUIDO . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife[225].

(d) daughters . The Cronica Trium Tabernarum et de civitate Catanzarii names "Guillelmum, Iordanum et Guidonem…[et] filias" as the children of "Guillelmus Capriolus" and his wife[226].

Tancred & his [first/second] wife had one child:

7. [daughter . The Annals of Romoald state that Tancred had three daughters without naming them or stating by which marriage they were born[227]. If Orderic Vitalis is correct in saying that "Geoffroy di Conversano" was nepos of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia, his mother must have been the Duke's sister[228]. This is confirmed when Malaterra records that "Gaufridum de Conversano neptem suis [Roberti ducis]…filius…sororis suæ"[229]. The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names "Robertus de Scabioso Monte comes…Gosfredi frater, et ambo orti germana fuerant ducis"[230]. Guerrieri highlights that "Gosfredi" in this passage has been identified as Godefroi Conte di Conversano but that it is not possible to confirm whether this is correct[231]. If the speculation is right, this daughter was the same person as [Beatrix], wife of Armand de Mortain (see above).

m --- [di Conversano], son of ---.]