I'm an EM2 haplogroup of Somerled is my 18th great grand dad.

Started by Dr. Wilton McDonald II - Attorney & Barrister on Thursday, November 5, 2020
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Eptir fall Rögnvalds jarls tók Haraldr jarl A .D . 1158. undir sik allar Eyjar, ok gjörðist einn höfðingi yfir . Haraldr jarl var mikill höfðíngi, manna mestr ok sterkastr, ódæll ok skap-harðr.4 Hann átti Afreko ; þeirra börn voru þau : Heinrekr, ok Hákon , Helena , ok Margrèt. Þá er Hákon var fárra vetra gamall, bauð Sveinn Ásleifarson honum til fóstrs ; ok fæddist hann þar upp.

The Orkneying Saga is pre-1600, and I can't imagine why you have a problem with it as a source of an original Icelandic language name for the wife of the earl, Harald. A simple reference to the Old Icelandic dictionary clears up the meaning quite well for me anyway.

So, Othello the moor. From Mauretania.

Gaelic, muir: water sea

Gaelic, mòr : great or famous

Mor O'Toole

https://www.geni.com/people/Reginald-Muir-of-Polkelly/through=60000...

6000000015067210337?
Mor O'Brien, Lady of Connacht

Mhaine Mor

After the fall of Earl Rögnvalds, Earl Haraldr A .D. 1158 conquered all the islands, and became one chief over. Earl Harold was a great chief, the greatest and strongest of men, impudent and hard-tempered.4 He had Afreko; their children were: Heinrekr, and Hákon, Helena, and Margrét. When Hacon was a few years old, Sveinn Asleifarson invited him to foster him; and he was born up there.

AfrekA is the anglicized form of the Icelandic, AfrekO. And perhaps more precisely the root is likely "rek": prosecution.

That rote "rek" is not that, it's an old Indoeuropeic root, meaning originally something straight, "reg", you will find it as a base in many other word such as reach, right, reason, reign and a lot more to sum up here because it exist in all germanic, greek, slavic and latin language. You have to understand, that soem words might have also existed earlier looking the same today, but with another definition than the one we have or use today.

We have the related Effrika Effrika-Henniksdotter/6000000024846091880

at page 217 above:

[Haraldr jarl] "..Hann átti Afreko; theira börn vóru thau: Heinrkr, ok Hákon, Helena, ok Margrét.

Debra, I'm sorry to say, the word afrek didn't exist in that book, but the name Afreko did, and it proves only that the name was there, not that word.

The arabic root ف ر ك‎ (f-r-k) fa.ra.ka (arabic is a 3 konsonant language)

Ifriqiya : إفريقية‎ Ifrīqya), later known as el-Maghrib el-Adna (Arabic: المغرب الأدنى‎), was the area during medieval history comprising Constantinois and Aurès (what is today eastern Algeria), Tunis (currently Tunisia) and Tripolitania (now western Libya) — all part of what had previously been included in the Africa Province of the Roman Empire.

So Ifriqiya means a part that is separated from something else.

A part influenced by the Vandals, by Kartago, by the Byzantine empire (the exarchate of Africa) and the Norman kingdom of Africa and Sicily.

Ragnvald III Earl of the Orkneys is known to have sailed here and engaged in battles. (Orkney saga)

Ragnvald III "Kali"
Saint Ragnvald III, jarl of Orkney sailed

The Norman kingdom of Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa

Roger II of Sicily

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa
In the Vandalic War of 533 Byzantine forces under Belisarius reconquered the Maghreb along with Corsica and Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) organized the recovered territories as the Praetorian prefecture of Africa, which included the provinces of Africa Proconsularis, Byzacena, Tripolitania, Numidia, Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Sitifensis, and was centered at Carthage. In the 550s a Roman expedition succeeded in regaining parts of southern Spain, which were administered as the new province of Spania.

Saint Ragnvald III, jarl of Orkney

Ragnvald and Eindride sailed along the south coast of Spain and through the Gibraltar strait. Einride and six ships and crew sailed towards Marseille, while Ragnvald sailed towards the coast of Africa. They sailed south and came to Sardinia, but didn't know what country they were in. (Orkney saga)

Ragnvald and Erling Skakke set eyes on a dromon sailing northwards

Deretter seilte de langs sørkysten av Spania og gjennom Gibraltar-stredet. Der skilte Eindride og seks skip lag med resten og seilte til Marseille, mens Ragnvald og hans menn seilte mot kysten av Afrika. De seilte østover og kom til Sardinia, men de visste ikke hva for land det var (Orknøyingenes saga, kap 87).

The battle is described in Erlingsdrapa.

Audun Raude was the first onboard the enemy ship. (Heimskringla)

One of the men they took prisoner was a huge man who kept silent.

They later sailed to the saracen land and traded. They let the prisoners go. After a while the huge ex-prisoner returned with troops an presented himself as a saracen nobleman. As they had released him he let the ships sail away. They sailed towards Chreta.

... At Constantinople Manuel I Komnenos (1143-80) was emperor. Orknøyi saga skriver: writes "Menelaus whom we call Manula"

----
Der fikk de øye på en dromund (gno: drómunðr, etter gr: dromon), et stort, hurtigseilende skip som i norrøn tid særlig ble brukt til seilas i Middelhavet. Snorre Sturlasson forteller: «Ragnvald og Erling Skakke støtte på en dromund i sjøen, og de la til med ni skip og sloss med dem. Til slutt la de snekkene under dromunden; da kastet hedningene ned på dem både våpen og stein og gryter fulle med kokende bek og olje. Erling lå nærmest dem med sitt skip. Da hogg Erling og hans folk huller i dromunden, noen nede i vannet og noen oppe på sidene, så de kunne gå inn gjennom dem.

Så sier Torbjørn Skakkeskald i Erlingsdråpa:

Med økse-egger hogde / uredd djerve nordmenn / hull på nye skipet / i sida dypt under vannet. / Krigerne på skipet / så det lure påfunn. / Løs ble slått med våpen /skansene på skipet.

Audun Raude het den mann som først gikk opp på dromunden; han var stavnbu hos Erling. De vant dromunden og drepte mange menn, tok så en mengde gods der og vant en herlig seier» (Snorre Sturlasson, Heimskringla, Haraldssønnenes saga, 17).

En av mennene de tok til fange, var en stor mann som ikke ytret ett ord. De seilte sørover til sarasenernes land og ankret opp utenfor en av deres byer. De inngikk en ukelang våpenhvile med innbyggene der og handlet med dem, og de solgte dem sølv og andre verdisaker. Ingen ville kjøpe den høye fangen, så jarlen lot ham få gå sammen med fem mann. Dagen etter kom han tilbake med en mengde menn og fortalte at han var en sarasensk adelsmann og at de nå var fullstendig i hans makt. Det som reddet deres liv, var at de hadde spart hans liv og latt ham gå og vist ham den respekt de fant passende. Deretter sa han at han håpet at han aldri ville se dem mer og tok farvel. Han red bort, mens Ragnvald og hans menn seilte til Kreta.

...

Ulf, you are mistaken, because "afrek" actually does exist in the Saga apart from the name of Duncan's daughter -- and it means "achievement" in that context as well.

Haraldr jarl hélt upp bótum eptir víg Þorkels. Þat var ok inælt í sætt þessi, at batna skyldi frændsymi þeirra bræðra Páls ok Haralds, ok skyldu þeir vera báðir samt of Jól ok allar inar stærstu bátíðir. Sigurðr slembir fór á brott ór Orkneyjum ok upp á Skotland, ok dvaldist þar um hríð með Melkólmi Skota-konúngi í góðu yfirlæti ; ok þótti hann þar inn mesti AFREKS-madr at öllum karlmannligum íþróttum.

Earl Harold held compensation after the slaying of Thorkel. It was also inseparable in this reconciliation that the kinship of the brothers Paul and Harald should be improved, and they should both be too Christmas and all the biggest boat times. Sigurd slembir went away from the Orkneys and up Scotland, and stayed there for a time with King Melkolm of Scotland in good company; and he thought he was in there the greatest ACHIEVEMENT-man in all male sports.

Afrek (af rek) is Old Icelandic for "achievement", and is found very early in the Orkneying Saga.

"achievement-man" i.e. the literal translation may be further translated into more regular English: "winner" or "victor"

or why not just most skillful?

Who would name a daughter to achievment, accomplished or any of that?
You would have to imagine a mother which has passed over time by at least three weeks delivering a child at the weight of 15 pounds or more after 2 weeks of severe labor pain...
Great achivement.

More african questions:

The name of the castle fortress Coucy-le Chateau-Auffrique
bothers me. Is Auffrique a transformation of the name Alberic?

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coucy-le-Ch%C3%A2teau-Auffrique

Alberic is said to be the founder of the Coucy family.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_Coucy

Thomas de Marle, seigneur de Coucy

I can't find any clue why it is called ..-Auffrique

----------------------

Very little is known about Saint Affrique / Afric 540 - ? He is said to give the name to the french comune Saint Affrique in Occitania.

Eveque de Saint-Bertrand de Comminges
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9v%C3%AAques_de_Comminges

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Affrique

------------
From Sweden: Effrike Hennikson

https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Henniksson-11
---------

Is Affric a transformation of Aelfric?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfric

Aelfric?, seems like the modern name Alfred, old english, Ælfræd,of; ælf ’alf’ and, ræd, (ric, råd), fem. Ælfreada. Maybe we have a solution despite all?

Auffrique I believe is Old French for "Africa". The modern spelling is Afrique.

https://books.google.com/books?id=MspUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP76&dq=A...

"La Cronique martiniane de tous les papes qui surent camais et finist au pape Alexandre derrenier decede 1503 et anecques de les additions de plusieurs croniqueurs (etc.)" Martinus Polonus; Verard, 1503

But why call the mastodont fortress in northern France Coucy-Chateu-Auffrique?

What was the connection to Africa?

Could it be that it was Chateau Alberic at first, later to be corrupted phonetically to Chateau Auffrique?

"Saint-Affrique grew in the 6th century around the tomb of St. Africain, bishop of Comminges...Saint Africus was a 7th-century French Roman Catholic saint about whom very little is known. He was the Confessor of Comminges and also the bishop of Comminges in southern France." - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Affrique

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Africus

"The Middle English word was Affrike"

https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=africa

"from Latin Afr-, stem of Afer, Afri "African" (noun and adjective; see Africa)"

https://www.etymonline.com/word/Afro-#etymonline_v_40839

Do any of the women named Affrica have an ancestor named Aelfric or Aelfreda?

Afer (Latin)
Origin & history
The term is derived from a Punic term for the country in which the city of Carthage was located. It is possibly derived from an ethnonym, a name of an indigenous tribe encountered by the Phoenician colonists, or perhaps related to Punic - (`afar, "dust"), or alternatively from a Berber language - (`ifri, "cave"), denoting cave dwellers. Flavius Josephus derived the ethnonym from the name of Abraham's grandson, Epher. The name is perhaps related to the tribal name Ifran recorded by medieval Arab authors.

https://www.wordsense.eu/Afer/

The phonetic evolution tells us that sounds that require an effort to pronounce changes eventually to sounds that are pronounced mote easily.

Likewise if sounds get assimilated by a neighbour sound.

(Especially if speakers won’t see them written repeatedly.)

So, forrest -> forêt
Alfred -> ’Affe’
Etc

And why not Ælfric -> Æfric -Effric/Affric?

https://www.online-latin-dictionary.com/latin-english-dictionary.ph...

Latin-English Dictionary

Āfĕr

adjective I class

View the declension of this word

1 African, inhabitant of north coast of Africa (except Egypt)

2 Carthaginian

Reidar Holmsen good find with regard to the meaning of the root, "afer" which apparently later became pronounced "afri".

It is quite common for words, even names, to change over space and time in spelling and/or pronunciation. Such changes in form may also affect their perceived meaning. Language can be very plastic, after all.

"Plastic words and phrases are language which is used so commonly and widely as to lose its meaning, but which continues to be used as a performance rather than to convey clear meaning."

https://www.amazon.com/Plastic-Words-Tyranny-Modular-Language/dp/02...

Saint Africain/Affricus, from Southern France and allegedly buried north of Paris, likely had some connection with North Africa. Maybe he was born there.

My understanding is that Hadrian was known by the nickname "Afer" ("the African").

Perhaps some of the women mentioned here also had some connection to Africa, and we are only informed of it through their names. Because I'm not aware of any other evidence to support that idea. I am convinced it is possible, but it may be hard to prove.

However I still believe the lady named Afreko/Afreka, the daughter of Duncan, mentioned in the Icelandic language Orkneying Saga, was named for something else: a kind of 'virtue' or heroic trait among her people. Later changes in spelling and possibly pronunciation have confused its original meaning for some modern scholars and genealogists, understandably.

Yet it is possible that at least some of the girls' names mentioned here might have evolved with changing times and dialects to the modern forms, "Auffrica" or 'Affrika", from Old English/Anglo-Saxon (or other Nordic or Norman) roots, instead. Again, difficult to prove.

Anyway, I don't know how exhaustive this list is of Anglo-Saxon women's names taken from royal charters, but it is something to mull over:

https://www.s-gabriel.org/names/marieke/anglosaxonfem/

I want to tell the reason for this discussion from my point of view, I told Reidar some week ago about my theory that the name Affrica, given to the wife of Olaf, could've indicated that she had a partly African ancestry, thus she might have been a mulatto, and that the ones with the nickname "black", also might have had it.

The ground for this idea could partly be the viking trade in slaves from north africa that were sold alongs the coast all the way back to the north, this is not something new, just a repetition of what arabs, greecs and roman people did earlier among many others, and just as they become mixed, so should more northern folks also be.

The degree of African DNA is much higher in people around the Mediterranean Sea and it slowly decreases all the way up to Scandinavia, just one example, my brothers ex wife from Portugal has 14% african origin, he have 1%, she knows nothing about any african heritage, and it could have come from a Moorish heritage and about that, nobility from what is today France had during this time intermarriage within the nobility in Britain, even that should reflect in their offsprings with children with darker skin, black hair, brown eyes etc.

I ones new a black woman from England, she had a white husband, they got one daughter that were very dark, looking 100% ethnic african, and by fortuity, another daugher, very light skinned with blue eyes and white hair, looking 100% Scandinavic, if something similar happened 1000 years ago, it might be a reason to reflect this in the name given to them, it's not impossible considering mixed people and genetic drift.

E-M2 is a paleolithic SNP.

Is there a modern day SNP that has been measured?

Following Andrew Ross point: any subclade information in Dr Will jrs case is interesting since EM2 covers such a wast genetical space of Y. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2

Is there any other that could be tested for Y-dna in that line?
https://www.geni.com/list/dna_from?dna_test_type=y&focus_id=600...

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