I'm not sure everyone knows the difference between historiography and history.
In a nutshell, history is what happened and historiography is how you interpret the sources to study what happened.
At the risk of over-simplifying, but remembering that not many people are interested in this stuff, some of the significant schools of thought have been :
Traditional - Look at the sources and write down what they say.
Marxism - Everything is driven by the invisible hand of economic structures. You have to look beyond the sources to explain how people's lives were shaped by their economic relationships.
Annales - The sources were created by people in power so they leave out a lot of good stuff. There are many important categories driving our culture, not just economics. No single category can explain history. You have to go behind the sources to see the life of the average person.
Structuralism, Post-modernism, etc. - All those categories are subjective. What matters is the categories we create because that's what tells us what is supposed to be important.